$1.64 Billion is the total value of OAK ASSOCIATES LTD /OH/'s 154 reported holdings in Q1 2019. The portfolio turnover from Q4 2018 to Q1 2019 was 6.6% .
Value | Shares | ↓ Weighting | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMZN | Sell | Amazon.com Inc. | $96,976,000 | +18.4% | 54,458 | -0.1% | 5.92% | +2.6% |
CSCO | Sell | Cisco Systems Inc. | $84,766,000 | +18.2% | 1,570,038 | -5.2% | 5.18% | +2.4% |
GOOG | Sell | Alphabet Inc. Class C | $79,522,000 | +13.0% | 67,776 | -0.3% | 4.86% | -2.1% |
XLNX | Sell | Xilinx Inc. | $77,579,000 | +45.1% | 611,870 | -2.5% | 4.74% | +25.8% |
KLAC | Buy | KLA-Tencor Corp | $75,251,000 | +33.5% | 630,192 | +0.1% | 4.60% | +15.7% |
GOOGL | Sell | Alphabet Inc. Class A | $52,919,000 | +12.6% | 44,965 | -0.0% | 3.23% | -2.4% |
SCHW | Sell | Charles Schwab Corp | $46,430,000 | +2.1% | 1,085,822 | -0.9% | 2.84% | -11.5% |
FB | Sell | Facebook, Inc. cl A | $42,787,000 | +26.8% | 256,688 | -0.3% | 2.61% | +9.9% |
AMGN | Sell | Amgen Inc. | $41,629,000 | -5.5% | 219,121 | -3.2% | 2.54% | -18.1% |
MSFT | Microsoft Corporation | $36,619,000 | +16.1% | 310,485 | 0.0% | 2.24% | +0.6% | |
AAPL | Sell | Apple Inc. | $35,500,000 | +18.2% | 186,891 | -1.8% | 2.17% | +2.5% |
PEP | Buy | PepsiCo, Inc. | $35,192,000 | +22.7% | 287,168 | +10.6% | 2.15% | +6.4% |
INTC | Buy | Intel Corporation | $32,820,000 | +14.4% | 611,178 | +0.0% | 2.00% | -0.8% |
PFE | Sell | Pfizer Inc. | $28,933,000 | -5.7% | 681,268 | -3.1% | 1.77% | -18.3% |
ORCL | Buy | Oracle Corporation | $27,742,000 | +19.4% | 516,523 | +0.4% | 1.70% | +3.5% |
VMW | VMware, Inc. Cl A | $27,653,000 | +31.6% | 153,195 | 0.0% | 1.69% | +14.1% | |
RHT | Red Hat, Inc. | $27,410,000 | +4.0% | 150,029 | 0.0% | 1.68% | -9.8% | |
IBM | Sell | IBM Corp | $25,939,000 | +23.8% | 183,835 | -0.2% | 1.58% | +7.4% |
IAC | Sell | IAC/InterActiveCorp | $25,085,000 | +13.9% | 119,389 | -0.8% | 1.53% | -1.3% |
CHKP | Buy | Check Point Software | $24,210,000 | +23.9% | 191,398 | +0.5% | 1.48% | +7.3% |
USB | Buy | U.S. Bancorp | $23,787,000 | +8.5% | 493,604 | +2.9% | 1.45% | -6.0% |
QCOM | Sell | Qualcomm Inc. | $23,517,000 | -0.3% | 412,360 | -0.5% | 1.44% | -13.6% |
EBAY | Sell | eBay Inc. | $22,732,000 | +32.2% | 612,050 | -0.1% | 1.39% | +14.6% |
LOW | Buy | Lowes Companies Inc. | $22,266,000 | +29.8% | 203,394 | +9.5% | 1.36% | +12.5% |
CIT | Sell | CIT Group Inc. | $22,162,000 | +25.2% | 461,989 | -0.2% | 1.35% | +8.5% |
GILD | Buy | Gilead Sciences Inc. | $22,032,000 | +19.0% | 338,901 | +14.5% | 1.35% | +3.1% |
NTAP | Sell | NetApp, Inc. | $21,568,000 | +14.8% | 311,040 | -1.2% | 1.32% | -0.5% |
CB | Buy | Chubb Limited | $20,809,000 | +32.9% | 148,550 | +22.5% | 1.27% | +15.1% |
NVS | Buy | Novartis AGadr | $20,198,000 | +37.3% | 210,093 | +22.6% | 1.23% | +19.0% |
SNPS | Synopsys Inc. | $18,999,000 | +36.7% | 164,997 | 0.0% | 1.16% | +18.5% | |
CTSH | Buy | Cognizant Tech Solutions | $18,988,000 | +21.2% | 262,084 | +6.2% | 1.16% | +5.1% |
TCF | Sell | TCF Financial Corporation | $18,879,000 | +5.9% | 912,468 | -0.2% | 1.15% | -8.2% |
STT | Buy | State Street Corp | $18,511,000 | +7.9% | 281,286 | +3.4% | 1.13% | -6.5% |
STX | Sell | Seagate Technology Plc | $18,179,000 | +22.6% | 379,590 | -1.2% | 1.11% | +6.3% |
TSS | Total System Services Inc. | $16,621,000 | +16.9% | 174,940 | 0.0% | 1.02% | +1.4% | |
GSK | Sell | Glaxo Smithkline ADSadr | $15,939,000 | +9.2% | 381,400 | -0.2% | 0.97% | -5.3% |
PAYX | Sell | Paychex, Inc. | $15,638,000 | +22.7% | 194,990 | -0.3% | 0.96% | +6.2% |
BK | Sell | Bank of New York Mellon Corp. | $15,435,000 | +6.8% | 306,060 | -0.3% | 0.94% | -7.5% |
ACN | Accenture Plc | $14,896,000 | +24.8% | 84,627 | 0.0% | 0.91% | +8.2% | |
JNPR | Buy | Juniper Networks Inc | $12,809,000 | -1.6% | 483,919 | +0.0% | 0.78% | -14.7% |
TEVA | Buy | Teva Pharmaceuticaladr | $12,265,000 | +4.5% | 782,189 | +2.8% | 0.75% | -9.4% |
CTXS | Buy | Citrix Systems Inc. | $11,151,000 | -2.3% | 111,895 | +0.5% | 0.68% | -15.3% |
CI | Buy | Cigna Corporation | $11,017,000 | +18.4% | 68,505 | +39.8% | 0.67% | +2.6% |
WDC | Buy | Western Digital Corp. | $10,550,000 | +43.0% | 219,520 | +10.0% | 0.64% | +24.0% |
VLO | Buy | Valero Energy Corp. | $10,437,000 | +13.7% | 123,030 | +0.4% | 0.64% | -1.4% |
SWKS | Skyworks Solutions Inc | $10,167,000 | +23.1% | 123,270 | 0.0% | 0.62% | +6.7% | |
AKAM | Buy | Akamai Technologies Inc. | $9,779,000 | +30.8% | 136,370 | +11.4% | 0.60% | +13.3% |
STI | Sell | SunTrust Banks, Inc. | $9,536,000 | +15.1% | 160,942 | -2.0% | 0.58% | -0.2% |
COF | Sell | Capital One Financial Corp. | $9,368,000 | +5.7% | 114,676 | -2.2% | 0.57% | -8.5% |
HPQ | Buy | HP Inc. | $9,341,000 | -3.0% | 480,771 | +2.1% | 0.57% | -15.9% |
TRV | Sell | The Travelers Companies | $8,840,000 | +14.2% | 64,448 | -0.3% | 0.54% | -1.1% |
DVA | Sell | DaVita HealthCare Partners Inc | $8,662,000 | -4.6% | 159,558 | -9.6% | 0.53% | -17.3% |
MCK | Sell | McKesson Corp | $8,410,000 | +5.8% | 71,845 | -0.1% | 0.51% | -8.2% |
DOX | Sell | Amdocs Limited | $8,353,000 | -13.4% | 154,373 | -6.3% | 0.51% | -25.0% |
ADS | Alliance Data Systems Corp | $8,207,000 | +16.6% | 46,900 | 0.0% | 0.50% | +1.0% | |
GLW | Buy | Corning Inc. | $8,120,000 | +11.8% | 245,309 | +2.1% | 0.50% | -3.1% |
DXC | Sell | DXC Technology | $7,527,000 | +17.8% | 117,035 | -2.6% | 0.46% | +2.0% |
HPE | Buy | Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co | $7,441,000 | +18.5% | 482,266 | +1.5% | 0.46% | +2.7% |
CRM | Sell | Salesforce.com Inc | $7,336,000 | +7.7% | 46,325 | -6.9% | 0.45% | -6.7% |
GNTX | Sell | Gentex Corporation | $6,814,000 | +2.1% | 329,495 | -0.3% | 0.42% | -11.7% |
RHHBY | Sell | Roche Holdings Ltdadr | $6,663,000 | +10.4% | 193,735 | -0.2% | 0.41% | -4.2% |
HRB | Sell | H&R Block Inc. | $5,993,000 | -5.9% | 250,345 | -0.3% | 0.37% | -18.5% |
WFC | Buy | Wells Fargo & Co | $5,984,000 | +5.0% | 123,845 | +0.2% | 0.37% | -9.0% |
BIIB | Sell | Biogen Inc. | $5,650,000 | -21.5% | 23,903 | -0.1% | 0.34% | -32.0% |
CELG | Sell | Celgene Corp. | $5,499,000 | +47.1% | 58,294 | -0.1% | 0.34% | +27.3% |
WU | Sell | Western Union | $5,462,000 | +8.0% | 295,720 | -0.2% | 0.33% | -6.2% |
SYF | Sell | Synchrony Financial | $5,457,000 | +35.5% | 171,070 | -0.3% | 0.33% | +17.3% |
RDSA | Sell | Royal Dutch Shell CL Aadr | $5,237,000 | -2.2% | 83,670 | -8.9% | 0.32% | -15.1% |
AIZ | Sell | Assurant, Inc. | $4,431,000 | +0.9% | 46,685 | -4.9% | 0.27% | -12.3% |
WAT | Sell | Waters Corporation | $3,676,000 | +11.9% | 14,605 | -16.2% | 0.22% | -3.0% |
CAH | Cardinal Health Inc. | $3,561,000 | +8.0% | 73,950 | 0.0% | 0.22% | -6.0% | |
TECK | Sell | Teck Resources Limited cl B | $3,039,000 | +7.4% | 131,104 | -0.2% | 0.19% | -6.5% |
CRL | Sell | Charles River Laboratories | $2,614,000 | +3.0% | 17,995 | -19.8% | 0.16% | -10.6% |
IBOC | Sell | International Bancshares | $2,526,000 | +10.4% | 66,420 | -0.1% | 0.15% | -4.3% |
VEC | Sell | Vectrus, Inc. | $2,310,000 | +23.1% | 86,862 | -0.1% | 0.14% | +6.8% |
UNH | Sell | UnitedHealth Group, Inc. | $2,287,000 | -21.2% | 9,250 | -20.6% | 0.14% | -31.7% |
RE | Everest Re Group Ltd | $2,289,000 | -0.8% | 10,600 | 0.0% | 0.14% | -14.1% | |
DGX | Quest Diagnostics Inc | $2,221,000 | +8.0% | 24,700 | 0.0% | 0.14% | -6.2% | |
TCEHY | Buy | Tencent Holdings Ltd.adr | $2,171,000 | +33.6% | 47,215 | +14.7% | 0.13% | +15.7% |
MDT | Medtronic PLC | $2,076,000 | +0.1% | 22,796 | 0.0% | 0.13% | -13.0% | |
BIDU | Buy | Baidu, Inc. ADSadr | $2,078,000 | +5.4% | 12,605 | +1.4% | 0.13% | -8.6% |
SNY | Sell | Sanofi ADSadr | $2,033,000 | +1.4% | 45,920 | -0.5% | 0.12% | -12.1% |
JNJ | Sell | Johnson & Johnson | $2,020,000 | -30.4% | 14,450 | -35.7% | 0.12% | -40.0% |
MRK | New | Merck & Co. Inc. | $2,016,000 | – | 24,245 | +100.0% | 0.12% | – |
UBNT | Buy | Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. | $1,978,000 | +98.2% | 13,210 | +31.6% | 0.12% | +72.9% |
ILMN | Illumina Inc | $1,875,000 | +3.6% | 6,035 | 0.0% | 0.12% | -10.2% | |
CVS | CVS Health Corporation | $1,878,000 | -17.7% | 34,826 | 0.0% | 0.12% | -28.6% | |
NVO | Buy | Novo-Nordisk A/Sadr | $1,861,000 | +85.5% | 35,585 | +63.4% | 0.11% | +60.6% |
NXPI | New | NXP Semiconductors NV | $1,867,000 | – | 21,120 | +100.0% | 0.11% | – |
JPM | Sell | JPMorgan Chase & Co | $1,721,000 | -2.9% | 17,000 | -6.3% | 0.10% | -16.0% |
MYL | Buy | Mylan N.V. | $1,703,000 | +10.8% | 60,100 | +7.1% | 0.10% | -3.7% |
FFIV | Sell | F5 Networks Inc. | $1,631,000 | -13.4% | 10,390 | -10.6% | 0.10% | -24.8% |
CRUS | Buy | Cirrus Logic Inc. | $1,598,000 | +27.0% | 37,990 | +0.2% | 0.10% | +10.1% |
V | VISA Inc. | $1,484,000 | +18.3% | 9,502 | 0.0% | 0.09% | +3.4% | |
GSBC | Great Southern Bancorp | $1,454,000 | +12.8% | 28,010 | 0.0% | 0.09% | -2.2% | |
ENDP | Endo International plc | $1,362,000 | +10.0% | 169,570 | 0.0% | 0.08% | -4.6% | |
FTNT | Sell | Fortinet, Inc. | $1,344,000 | +3.5% | 16,000 | -13.2% | 0.08% | -10.9% |
KLIC | Buy | Kulicke & Soffa Industries | $1,312,000 | +132.6% | 59,320 | +113.0% | 0.08% | +100.0% |
LRCX | Lam Research Corporation | $1,290,000 | +31.5% | 7,205 | 0.0% | 0.08% | +14.5% | |
SIMO | Buy | Silicon Motion Tech ADSadr | $1,271,000 | +18.7% | 32,060 | +3.3% | 0.08% | +4.0% |
AGN | Allergan plc. | $1,244,000 | +9.5% | 8,500 | 0.0% | 0.08% | -5.0% | |
PANW | Sell | Palo Alto Networks, Inc. | $1,239,000 | +11.5% | 5,100 | -13.6% | 0.08% | -2.6% |
SYK | Stryker Corp | $1,197,000 | +26.0% | 6,060 | 0.0% | 0.07% | +9.0% | |
AEIS | Buy | Advanced Energy Industries | $1,144,000 | +181.1% | 23,030 | +143.2% | 0.07% | +141.4% |
VRNT | New | Verint Systems Inc. | $1,137,000 | – | 18,990 | +100.0% | 0.07% | – |
HOLI | Buy | Hollysys Automation Technologs | $1,076,000 | +264.7% | 51,375 | +205.1% | 0.07% | +214.3% |
SNX | Buy | Synnex Corporation | $1,002,000 | +391.2% | 10,507 | +317.3% | 0.06% | +335.7% |
MA | Mastercard Inc. | $975,000 | +24.8% | 4,139 | 0.0% | 0.06% | +9.1% | |
BCOR | Blucora, Inc. | $967,000 | +25.3% | 28,975 | 0.0% | 0.06% | +9.3% | |
SEDG | Buy | SolarEdge Technologies, Inc. | $941,000 | +84.9% | 24,965 | +72.3% | 0.06% | +58.3% |
IQ | IQIYI, INC.adr | $821,000 | +61.0% | 34,305 | 0.0% | 0.05% | +38.9% | |
NXGN | New | NextGen Healthcare, Inc. | $821,000 | – | 48,755 | +100.0% | 0.05% | – |
TAL | TAL Education Group ADSadr | $800,000 | +35.4% | 22,170 | 0.0% | 0.05% | +16.7% | |
PRFT | Perficient, Inc. | $799,000 | +23.1% | 29,165 | 0.0% | 0.05% | +6.5% | |
PCTY | Paylocity Holding Corporation | $751,000 | +48.1% | 8,425 | 0.0% | 0.05% | +27.8% | |
KEM | KEMET Corporation | $757,000 | -3.2% | 44,595 | 0.0% | 0.05% | -16.4% | |
QNST | Buy | QuinStreet, Inc. | $620,000 | -15.2% | 46,340 | +2.9% | 0.04% | -26.9% |
SAM | Sell | Boston Beer Co. Inc. | $582,000 | +5.2% | 1,975 | -13.9% | 0.04% | -7.7% |
PRSP | Perspecta Inc | $583,000 | +17.5% | 28,830 | 0.0% | 0.04% | +2.9% | |
DIOD | Diodes Inc. | $574,000 | +7.7% | 16,535 | 0.0% | 0.04% | -7.9% | |
UTHR | Buy | United Therapeutics Corp. | $549,000 | +10.2% | 4,675 | +2.3% | 0.03% | -2.9% |
WK | Buy | Workiva Inc. Class A | $556,000 | +47.1% | 10,970 | +4.2% | 0.03% | +25.9% |
HUBS | Sell | Hubspot Inc | $540,000 | -12.6% | 3,250 | -33.9% | 0.03% | -25.0% |
MERC | Mercer International Inc. | $522,000 | +29.5% | 38,640 | 0.0% | 0.03% | +14.3% | |
ABBV | AbbVie Inc. | $520,000 | -12.6% | 6,450 | 0.0% | 0.03% | -23.8% | |
BBSI | Barrett Business Services Inc | $521,000 | +35.0% | 6,741 | 0.0% | 0.03% | +18.5% | |
JAZZ | Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc | $522,000 | +15.2% | 3,655 | 0.0% | 0.03% | 0.0% | |
TAP | Molson Coors Brewing Co. | $514,000 | +6.2% | 8,625 | 0.0% | 0.03% | -8.8% | |
ANTM | Sell | Anthem, Inc. | $499,000 | -81.3% | 1,740 | -82.9% | 0.03% | -84.0% |
DELL | Sell | Dell Technologies Inc. Cl C | $480,000 | -12.9% | 8,172 | -27.6% | 0.03% | -25.6% |
HIG | Hartford Financial Services | $476,000 | +12.0% | 9,565 | 0.0% | 0.03% | -3.3% | |
ULTI | Sell | Ultimate Software Group Inc. | $464,000 | -10.8% | 1,405 | -33.9% | 0.03% | -24.3% |
SAIC | Science App Int'l Corp | $436,000 | +20.8% | 5,665 | 0.0% | 0.03% | +8.0% | |
DCOM | Dime Community Bancshares | $449,000 | +10.3% | 23,980 | 0.0% | 0.03% | -6.9% | |
COHU | Buy | Cohu, Inc. | $450,000 | +29.3% | 30,500 | +40.9% | 0.03% | +8.0% |
EGRX | Eagle Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | $415,000 | +25.4% | 8,220 | 0.0% | 0.02% | +8.7% | |
FEYE | FireEye, Inc. | $417,000 | +3.7% | 24,825 | 0.0% | 0.02% | -10.7% | |
NFLX | Sell | Netflix Inc | $392,000 | -3.9% | 1,100 | -27.9% | 0.02% | -17.2% |
AAN | Sell | Aaron's, Inc. | $376,000 | -31.6% | 7,155 | -45.3% | 0.02% | -41.0% |
HFC | HollyFrontier Corporation | $379,000 | -3.6% | 7,685 | 0.0% | 0.02% | -17.9% | |
ATGE | Sell | Adtalem Global Education Inc. | $373,000 | -19.3% | 8,050 | -17.6% | 0.02% | -30.3% |
INVA | Sell | Innoviva, Inc. | $338,000 | -35.6% | 24,060 | -20.0% | 0.02% | -43.2% |
MGLN | Sell | Magellan Health, Inc. | $337,000 | -14.0% | 5,110 | -25.8% | 0.02% | -25.0% |
NOV | National Oilwell Varco Inc | $350,000 | +3.9% | 13,125 | 0.0% | 0.02% | -12.5% | |
APEI | Buy | American Public Education | $331,000 | +16.1% | 11,000 | +10.0% | 0.02% | 0.0% |
GNRC | Generac Holdings Inc. | $303,000 | +3.1% | 5,920 | 0.0% | 0.02% | -9.5% | |
AB | Sell | AllianceBernstein Hldgltd | $316,000 | -11.2% | 10,935 | -16.1% | 0.02% | -24.0% |
CNO | Sell | CNO Financial Group, Inc. | $301,000 | -20.2% | 18,600 | -26.5% | 0.02% | -33.3% |
WH | Wyndham Hotels & Resorts, Inc. | $275,000 | +10.0% | 5,505 | 0.0% | 0.02% | -5.6% | |
UBSH | Sell | Union Bankshares Corp | $256,000 | -40.3% | 7,905 | -47.9% | 0.02% | -46.7% |
KAI | Sell | Kadant Inc | $241,000 | +6.6% | 2,745 | -1.3% | 0.02% | -6.2% |
CSGS | New | CSG Systems International | $222,000 | – | 5,255 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
RP | New | RealPage, Inc. | $220,000 | – | 3,625 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
NLS | Nautilus, Inc. | $187,000 | -49.0% | 33,650 | 0.0% | 0.01% | -57.7% | |
RL | Exit | Ralph Lauren Corp | $0 | – | -4,110 | -100.0% | -0.03% | – |
QSII | Exit | NextGen Healthcare, Inc. | $0 | – | -42,745 | -100.0% | -0.05% | – |
OMI | Exit | Owens & Minor Inc. | $0 | – | -113,100 | -100.0% | -0.05% | – |
FOX | Exit | Twenty-First Cent Fox Inc Cl B | $0 | – | -188,110 | -100.0% | -0.63% | – |
Original filings
The following EDGAR filing(s) were analyzed to create this report:
- View 13F-HR filed 2019-05-09
Top long-term holdings
Name | Quarters owned | Latest quarter owned | Max weighting |
---|---|---|---|
AMAZON INC COM | 41 | Q3 2023 | 9.8% |
Cisco Systems Inc. | 41 | Q3 2023 | 6.1% |
KLA-TENCOR CORP COM | 41 | Q3 2023 | 6.2% |
SCHWAB CHARLES CORP NEW COM | 41 | Q3 2023 | 5.2% |
AMGEN INC COM | 41 | Q3 2023 | 4.1% |
QUALCOMM INC COM | 41 | Q3 2023 | 3.6% |
APPLE INC | 41 | Q3 2023 | 4.6% |
Microsoft Corporation | 41 | Q3 2023 | 3.7% |
JPMORGAN CHASE & CO COM | 41 | Q3 2023 | 4.5% |
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINE | 41 | Q3 2023 | 4.0% |
View OAK ASSOCIATES LTD /OH/'s complete holdings history.
Latest significant ownerships (13-D/G)
Filed | Shares | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
AFFYMETRIX INC | February 14, 2006 | 1,743,000 | 4.2% |
AVID TECHNOLOGY INC | February 14, 2006 | 2,720,000 | 4.1% |
JUNIPER NETWORKS INC | February 10, 2005 | 12,500,000 | 2.3% |
MCDATA CORPSold out | February 10, 2005 | 0 | 0.0% |
PMC SIERRA INCSold out | February 10, 2005 | 0 | 0.0% |
ADVENT SOFTWARE INC /DE/ | February 10, 2004 | 1,427,887 | 4.4% |
BROCADE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS INC | February 10, 2004 | 9,268,563 | 3.6% |
BLUE COAT SYSTEMS INC | February 12, 2003 | 15,860 | 0.2% |
CIENA CORP | February 12, 2003 | 379,792 | 0.1% |
FOUNDRY NETWORKS INC | February 12, 2003 | 81,930 | 0.1% |
View OAK ASSOCIATES LTD /OH/'s complete significant-ownership history.
Latest filings
Type | Filed |
---|---|
13F-HR | 2024-02-14 |
13F-HR | 2023-11-13 |
13F-HR | 2023-08-11 |
13F-HR | 2023-05-11 |
13F-HR | 2023-02-09 |
13F-HR | 2022-11-09 |
13F-HR | 2022-08-12 |
13F-HR | 2022-05-12 |
13F-HR | 2022-02-10 |
13F-HR | 2021-11-12 |
View OAK ASSOCIATES LTD /OH/'s complete filings history.
All filings
- Holdings (13F-HR)
- Significant ownership (13-D/G)
- Insider transactions (4, 5, 6)
- Events (8-K)
- Shareholder votes (proxy)
View complete filings history.