$4.53 Billion is the total value of Soros Fund Management's 226 reported holdings in Q1 2016. The portfolio turnover from Q4 2015 to Q1 2016 was 416.7% .
| Value | Shares | ↓ Weighting | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPY | Buy | SPDR S&P 500 ETF TRput | $431,327,000 | +110.7% | 2,098,300 | +109.0% | 9.52% | +181.3% |
| GOLD | New | BARRICK GOLD CORP | $263,714,000 | – | 19,419,309 | +100.0% | 5.82% | – |
| Buy | JDS UNIPHASE CORPdbcv 0.625% 8/1 | $205,577,000 | +25.6% | 210,175,000 | +21.0% | 4.54% | +67.7% | |
| IWM | Buy | ISHARES TRput | $182,335,000 | +328.7% | 1,648,300 | +336.1% | 4.02% | +472.5% |
| XLI | New | SELECT SECTOR SPDR TRcall | $166,410,000 | – | 3,000,000 | +100.0% | 3.67% | – |
| Buy | CIENA CORPnote 0.875% 6/1 | $144,083,000 | +128.2% | 146,092,000 | +128.1% | 3.18% | +204.6% | |
| GLD | New | SPDR GOLD TRUSTcall | $123,480,000 | – | 1,050,000 | +100.0% | 2.73% | – |
| New | NORTEL NETWORKS CORP NEWnote 2.125% 4/1 | $102,905,000 | – | 120,123,000 | +100.0% | 2.27% | – | |
| Buy | INVENSENSE INCnote 1.750%11/0 | $102,526,000 | +10.7% | 111,290,000 | +12.6% | 2.26% | +47.8% | |
| EBAY | Buy | EBAY INC | $88,397,000 | -6.3% | 3,704,830 | +7.9% | 1.95% | +25.0% |
| EQIX | Buy | EQUINIX INC | $68,197,000 | +131.7% | 206,215 | +111.9% | 1.50% | +209.0% |
| New | OCLARO INCnote 6.000% 2/1 | $68,150,000 | – | 23,500,000 | +100.0% | 1.50% | – | |
| New | ROVI CORPnote 0.500% 3/0 | $61,112,000 | – | 63,700,000 | +100.0% | 1.35% | – | |
| GLPI | Buy | GAMING & LEISURE PPTYS INC | $55,843,000 | +45.1% | 1,806,038 | +30.4% | 1.23% | +93.6% |
| Buy | CORNERSTONE ONDEMAND INCnote 1.500% 7/0 | $50,663,000 | +302.9% | 50,950,000 | +299.6% | 1.12% | +437.5% | |
| CACQ | Buy | CAESARS ACQUISITION COcl a | $39,995,000 | -9.4% | 6,535,083 | +0.8% | 0.88% | +21.0% |
| TWX | New | TIME WARNER INCput | $39,213,000 | – | 540,500 | +100.0% | 0.87% | – |
| BXLT | New | BAXALTA INC | $35,838,000 | – | 887,071 | +100.0% | 0.79% | – |
| RACE | New | FERRARI N V | $35,445,000 | – | 850,000 | +100.0% | 0.78% | – |
| JD | Buy | JD COM INCspon adr cl a | $34,356,000 | +27.8% | 1,296,467 | +55.6% | 0.76% | +70.3% |
| CCI | New | CROWN CASTLE INTL CORP NEW | $30,666,000 | – | 354,519 | +100.0% | 0.68% | – |
| AVGO | New | BROADCOM LTD | $24,989,000 | – | 161,743 | +100.0% | 0.55% | – |
| SLB | New | SCHLUMBERGER LTD | $23,767,000 | – | 322,261 | +100.0% | 0.52% | – |
| EMC | Buy | E M C CORP MASS | $20,434,000 | +166.0% | 766,761 | +156.3% | 0.45% | +255.1% |
| AET | New | AETNA INC NEW | $19,770,000 | – | 175,965 | +100.0% | 0.44% | – |
| QLGC | Buy | QLOGIC CORP | $19,724,000 | +14.9% | 1,467,566 | +4.3% | 0.44% | +53.2% |
| HOT | Buy | STARWOOD HOTELS&RESORTS WRLD | $19,338,000 | +171.0% | 231,787 | +125.0% | 0.43% | +261.9% |
| AMZN | New | AMAZON COM INCcall | $17,809,000 | – | 30,000 | +100.0% | 0.39% | – |
| OGE | New | OGE ENERGY CORP | $17,732,000 | – | 619,336 | +100.0% | 0.39% | – |
| IBB | New | ISHARES TRnasdq biotec etf | $17,631,000 | – | 67,600 | +100.0% | 0.39% | – |
| MXIM | Buy | MAXIM INTEGRATED PRODS INC | $17,182,000 | +13.2% | 467,143 | +16.9% | 0.38% | +51.0% |
| CBPO | Buy | CHINA BIOLOGIC PRODS INC | $17,138,000 | +77.7% | 149,700 | +121.1% | 0.38% | +137.7% |
| TSE | New | TRINSEO S A | $16,568,000 | – | 450,100 | +100.0% | 0.37% | – |
| SLW | New | SILVER WHEATON CORP | $16,580,000 | – | 1,000,000 | +100.0% | 0.37% | – |
| MXIM | New | MAXIM INTEGRATED PRODS INCcall | $16,551,000 | – | 450,000 | +100.0% | 0.36% | – |
| MODN | Buy | MODEL N INC | $16,476,000 | +38.4% | 1,529,766 | +43.4% | 0.36% | +84.8% |
| W | Buy | WAYFAIR INCcl a | $15,647,000 | +23.2% | 362,041 | +35.8% | 0.34% | +64.3% |
| JMEI | New | JUMEI INTL HLDG LTDsponsored adr | $15,378,000 | – | 2,362,234 | +100.0% | 0.34% | – |
| MJN | Buy | MEAD JOHNSON NUTRITION CO | $15,295,000 | +49.0% | 180,000 | +38.5% | 0.34% | +98.8% |
| QCOM | New | QUALCOMM INC | $14,863,000 | – | 290,641 | +100.0% | 0.33% | – |
| HUM | New | HUMANA INC | $14,410,000 | – | 78,763 | +100.0% | 0.32% | – |
| SBAC | New | SBA COMMUNICATIONS CORP | $14,400,000 | – | 143,753 | +100.0% | 0.32% | – |
| SNDK | New | SANDISK CORP | $13,322,000 | – | 175,104 | +100.0% | 0.29% | – |
| EPC | Buy | EDGEWELL PERS CARE CO | $13,064,000 | +9.1% | 162,228 | +6.2% | 0.29% | +45.5% |
| LUV | New | SOUTHWEST AIRLS CO | $11,760,000 | – | 262,506 | +100.0% | 0.26% | – |
| RLGY | Buy | REALOGY HLDGS CORP | $11,736,000 | +28.0% | 325,000 | +29.9% | 0.26% | +70.4% |
| OKE | New | ONEOK INC NEW | $10,683,000 | – | 357,755 | +100.0% | 0.24% | – |
| SPY | Buy | SPDR S&P 500 ETF TRtr unit | $10,627,000 | +543.3% | 51,700 | +538.3% | 0.24% | +770.4% |
| RICE | New | RICE ENERGY INC | $10,379,000 | – | 743,500 | +100.0% | 0.23% | – |
| SPG | New | SIMON PPTY GROUP INC NEW | $10,135,000 | – | 48,797 | +100.0% | 0.22% | – |
| IBN | New | ICICI BK LTDadr | $10,039,000 | – | 1,402,157 | +100.0% | 0.22% | – |
| MMYT | Buy | MAKEMYTRIP LIMITED MAURITIUS | $9,665,000 | +135.4% | 534,258 | +123.3% | 0.21% | +213.2% |
| BITA | Buy | BITAUTO HLDGS LTDsponsored ads | $9,199,000 | +662.1% | 371,087 | +769.4% | 0.20% | +915.0% |
| New | BROCADE COMMUNICATIONS SYS Inote 1.375% 1/0 | $8,961,000 | – | 9,000,000 | +100.0% | 0.20% | – | |
| EWZ | New | ISHARESput | $8,416,000 | – | 320,000 | +100.0% | 0.19% | – |
| CNP | New | CENTERPOINT ENERGY INC | $8,376,000 | – | 400,378 | +100.0% | 0.18% | – |
| NFLX | New | NETFLIX INC | $7,333,000 | – | 71,732 | +100.0% | 0.16% | – |
| AAL | New | AMERICAN AIRLS GROUP INCcall | $6,836,000 | – | 166,700 | +100.0% | 0.15% | – |
| ANTM | New | ANTHEM INC | $6,141,000 | – | 44,182 | +100.0% | 0.14% | – |
| CNX | New | CONSOL ENERGY INCput | $5,645,000 | – | 500,000 | +100.0% | 0.12% | – |
| LOW | New | LOWES COS INC | $5,582,000 | – | 73,695 | +100.0% | 0.12% | – |
| CHTR | New | CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS INC Dcl a new | $5,584,000 | – | 27,586 | +100.0% | 0.12% | – |
| VWR | Buy | VWR CORP | $5,412,000 | +621.6% | 200,000 | +654.7% | 0.12% | +891.7% |
| YHOO | New | YAHOO INC | $5,224,000 | – | 141,924 | +100.0% | 0.12% | – |
| UNP | New | UNION PAC CORP | $5,042,000 | – | 63,387 | +100.0% | 0.11% | – |
| CNC | New | CENTENE CORP DELcall | $4,895,000 | – | 79,500 | +100.0% | 0.11% | – |
| QLIK | New | QLIK TECHNOLOGIES INC | $4,820,000 | – | 166,666 | +100.0% | 0.11% | – |
| New | NETSUITE INCnote 0.250% 6/0 | $4,797,000 | – | 5,000,000 | +100.0% | 0.11% | – | |
| CNC | New | CENTENE CORP DELput | $4,310,000 | – | 70,000 | +100.0% | 0.10% | – |
| WBMD | New | WEBMD HEALTH CORP | $4,159,000 | – | 66,400 | +100.0% | 0.09% | – |
| WHR | New | WHIRLPOOL CORP | $3,607,000 | – | 20,000 | +100.0% | 0.08% | – |
| CI | New | CIGNA CORPORATION | $3,568,000 | – | 26,000 | +100.0% | 0.08% | – |
| INVN | Buy | INVENSENSE INC | $3,467,000 | +554.2% | 412,777 | +696.7% | 0.08% | +755.6% |
| CNC | New | CENTENE CORP DEL | $3,368,000 | – | 54,697 | +100.0% | 0.07% | – |
| CEMP | New | CEMPRA INC | $3,186,000 | – | 181,825 | +100.0% | 0.07% | – |
| BBT | New | BB&T CORP | $3,144,000 | – | 94,500 | +100.0% | 0.07% | – |
| DCT | New | DCT INDUSTRIAL TRUST INC | $3,047,000 | – | 77,200 | +100.0% | 0.07% | – |
| ENDP | New | ENDO INTL PLCcall | $2,905,000 | – | 103,200 | +100.0% | 0.06% | – |
| CVS | Buy | CVS HEALTH CORP | $2,854,000 | +12.4% | 27,511 | +5.9% | 0.06% | +50.0% |
| MRVL | New | MARVELL TECHNOLOGY GROUP LTDord | $2,749,000 | – | 266,666 | +100.0% | 0.06% | – |
| LSCC | New | LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR CORP | $2,331,000 | – | 410,473 | +100.0% | 0.05% | – |
| PMC | New | PHARMERICA CORP | $2,214,000 | – | 100,129 | +100.0% | 0.05% | – |
| ALR | New | ALERE INC | $2,166,000 | – | 42,800 | +100.0% | 0.05% | – |
| New | TESLA MTRS INCnote 1.250% 3/0 | $2,155,000 | – | 2,500,000 | +100.0% | 0.05% | – | |
| SYK | New | STRYKER CORP | $2,178,000 | – | 20,300 | +100.0% | 0.05% | – |
| PRO | New | PROS HOLDINGS INC | $2,066,000 | – | 175,265 | +100.0% | 0.05% | – |
| PAM | New | PAMPA ENERGIA S Aspons adr lvl i | $1,981,000 | – | 92,400 | +100.0% | 0.04% | – |
| TAP | New | MOLSON COORS BREWING COcl b | $1,935,000 | – | 20,121 | +100.0% | 0.04% | – |
| XON | New | INTREXON CORP | $1,935,000 | – | 57,100 | +100.0% | 0.04% | – |
| QGEN | New | QIAGEN NV | $1,751,000 | – | 78,400 | +100.0% | 0.04% | – |
| TECH | New | BIO TECHNE CORP | $1,701,000 | – | 18,000 | +100.0% | 0.04% | – |
| A | New | AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES INC | $1,706,000 | – | 42,800 | +100.0% | 0.04% | – |
| UAL | New | UNITED CONTL HLDGS INC | $1,694,000 | – | 28,306 | +100.0% | 0.04% | – |
| DSPG | New | DSP GROUP INC | $1,520,000 | – | 166,666 | +100.0% | 0.03% | – |
| ATRO | New | ASTRONICS CORP | $1,422,000 | – | 37,281 | +100.0% | 0.03% | – |
| SYNA | New | SYNAPTICS INC | $1,329,000 | – | 16,666 | +100.0% | 0.03% | – |
| CSOD | New | CORNERSTONE ONDEMAND INC | $1,202,000 | – | 36,666 | +100.0% | 0.03% | – |
| GIG | New | GIGOPTIX INC | $1,221,000 | – | 452,163 | +100.0% | 0.03% | – |
| CL | New | COLGATE PALMOLIVE CO | $1,074,000 | – | 15,200 | +100.0% | 0.02% | – |
| PG | New | PROCTER & GAMBLE CO | $1,054,000 | – | 12,800 | +100.0% | 0.02% | – |
| TFX | New | TELEFLEX INC | $911,000 | – | 5,800 | +100.0% | 0.02% | – |
| THC | New | TENET HEALTHCARE CORP | $917,000 | – | 31,700 | +100.0% | 0.02% | – |
| EVHC | New | ENVISION HEALTHCARE HLDGS IN | $853,000 | – | 41,800 | +100.0% | 0.02% | – |
| WYND | Buy | WYNDHAM WORLDWIDE CORP | $871,000 | +192.3% | 11,400 | +178.0% | 0.02% | +280.0% |
| PRGO | New | PERRIGO CO PLC | $819,000 | – | 6,400 | +100.0% | 0.02% | – |
| MDT | New | MEDTRONIC PLC | $833,000 | – | 11,100 | +100.0% | 0.02% | – |
| EXTR | New | EXTREME NETWORKS INC | $829,000 | – | 266,666 | +100.0% | 0.02% | – |
| VFC | New | V F CORP | $635,000 | – | 9,800 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| RCL | New | ROYAL CARIBBEAN CRUISES LTD | $608,000 | – | 7,400 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| MIK | New | MICHAELS COS INC | $607,000 | – | 21,700 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| IGT | New | INTERNATIONAL GAME TECHNOLOG | $599,000 | – | 32,800 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| KATE | New | KATE SPADE & CO | $572,000 | – | 22,400 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| LULU | New | LULULEMON ATHLETICA INC | $569,000 | – | 8,400 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| FIT | New | FITBIT INCcl a | $606,000 | – | 40,000 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| LVS | New | LAS VEGAS SANDS CORP | $553,000 | – | 10,700 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| URBN | New | URBAN OUTFITTERS INC | $529,000 | – | 16,000 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| COTY | New | COTY INC | $526,000 | – | 18,900 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| JWN | New | NORDSTROM INC | $543,000 | – | 9,500 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| KORS | Buy | MICHAEL KORS HLDGS LTD | $524,000 | +77.0% | 9,200 | +24.3% | 0.01% | +140.0% |
| GPS | New | GAP INC DEL | $517,000 | – | 17,600 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| AMCC | New | APPLIED MICRO CIRCUITS CORP | $431,000 | – | 66,666 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| SPLS | Buy | STAPLES INC | $435,000 | +39.9% | 39,433 | +20.2% | 0.01% | +100.0% |
| PAGP | New | PLAINS GP HLDGS L P | $423,000 | – | 48,700 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| NBIX | New | NEUROCRINE BIOSCIENCES INC | $372,000 | – | 9,400 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| SCLN | New | SCICLONE PHARMACEUTICALS INC | $353,000 | – | 32,100 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| SBUX | New | STARBUCKS CORP | $340,000 | – | 5,700 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| MANH | New | MANHATTAN ASSOCS INC | $341,000 | – | 6,000 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| SFBS | New | SERVISFIRST BANCSHARES INC | $351,000 | – | 7,900 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| UHAL | New | AMERCO | $322,000 | – | 900 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| URI | New | UNITED RENTALS INC | $330,000 | – | 5,300 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| WCN | New | WASTE CONNECTIONS INC | $329,000 | – | 5,100 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| NKE | New | NIKE INCcl b | $332,000 | – | 5,400 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| MIDD | New | MIDDLEBY CORP | $331,000 | – | 3,100 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| GPK | New | GRAPHIC PACKAGING HLDG CO | $330,000 | – | 25,700 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| GILD | New | GILEAD SCIENCES INC | $331,000 | – | 3,600 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| DNKN | New | DUNKIN BRANDS GROUP INC | $307,000 | – | 6,500 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| OZRK | New | BANK OF THE OZARKS INC | $332,000 | – | 7,900 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| AAPL | New | APPLE INC | $338,000 | – | 3,100 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| XLE | New | SELECT SECTOR SPDR TRsbi int-energy | $285,000 | – | 4,600 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| AYI | New | ACUITY BRANDS INC | $262,000 | – | 1,200 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| TYL | New | TYLER TECHNOLOGIES INC | $257,000 | – | 2,000 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| IPG | New | INTERPUBLIC GROUP COS INC | $248,000 | – | 10,800 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| MHK | New | MOHAWK INDS INC | $248,000 | – | 1,300 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| PANW | New | PALO ALTO NETWORKS INC | $228,000 | – | 1,400 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| CSGP | New | COSTAR GROUP INC | $226,000 | – | 1,200 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| FTNT | New | FORTINET INC | $204,000 | – | 6,666 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| ESRX | New | EXPRESS SCRIPTS HLDG CO | $206,000 | – | 3,000 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| CASY | New | CASEYS GEN STORES INC | $249,000 | – | 2,200 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| AFSI | New | AMTRUST FINL SVCS INC | $223,000 | – | 8,600 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| ANAC | New | ANACOR PHARMACEUTICALS INC | $224,000 | – | 4,200 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| SLG | New | SL GREEN RLTY CORP | $242,000 | – | 2,500 | +100.0% | 0.01% | – |
| SFUN | New | SOUFUN HLDGS LTDadr | $131,000 | – | 21,800 | +100.0% | 0.00% | – |
| NVAX | New | NOVAVAX INC | $156,000 | – | 30,300 | +100.0% | 0.00% | – |
| REXX | New | REX ENERGY CORPORATION | $127,000 | – | 165,000 | +100.0% | 0.00% | – |
| PTI | New | PROTEOSTASIS THERAPEUTICS ORD (NMS) | $102,000 | – | 10,549 | +100.0% | 0.00% | – |
Other managers
Other managers that, in addition to the filing manager(s), that filed the EDGAR filing(s):
Original filings
The following EDGAR filing(s) were analyzed to create this report:
- View 13F-HR filed 2016-05-16
About Soros Fund Management
Soros Fund Management is a privately owned hedge fund management firm founded by George Soros in 1969. The firm is headquartered in New York City and manages approximately $25 billion in assets. Soros Fund Management is known for its global macro investment strategy, which involves investing in a wide range of asset classes, including equities, bonds, currencies, and commodities.
The firm is led by its Chief Investment Officer, Dawn Fitzpatrick, who was appointed to the position in 2017. Fitzpatrick is a seasoned investor with over 20 years of experience in the industry. Prior to joining Soros Fund Management, she worked at UBS Asset Management, where she was responsible for managing a $56 billion multi-asset portfolio.
Soros Fund Management has a reputation for being one of the most successful hedge funds in the industry. The firm has generated impressive returns for its investors over the years, thanks to its disciplined investment approach and its ability to identify market trends before they become mainstream.
Despite its success, Soros Fund Management has faced its fair share of controversies over the years. George Soros, the firm's founder, is a controversial figure who has been criticized for his political activism and his support of liberal causes. However, the firm's investment strategy is separate from Soros' political activities, and the firm's success speaks for itself.
It's important to note that this information is for educational purposes only and has not been fact-checked. As with any investment, it's important to do your own research and consult with a financial advisor before making any investment decisions.
Top long-term holdings
| Name | Quarters owned | Latest quarter owned | Max weighting |
|---|---|---|---|
| CME GROUP INC | 41 | Q3 2023 | 0.3% |
| SPDR S&P 500 ETF TR | 36 | Q2 2023 | 17.9% |
| T-MOBILE US INC | 32 | Q3 2023 | 3.4% |
| LIBERTY BROADBAND CORP | 30 | Q3 2023 | 29.6% |
| CAESARS ENTMT CORP | 29 | Q2 2020 | 10.0% |
| AMAZON COM INC | 27 | Q3 2023 | 5.6% |
| ALPHABET INC | 27 | Q3 2023 | 2.9% |
| SPDR S&P 500 ETF TR | 25 | Q1 2023 | 0.7% |
| MONDELEZ INTL INC | 24 | Q4 2019 | 1.9% |
| LPL FINL HLDGS INC | 24 | Q3 2023 | 1.4% |
View Soros Fund Management's complete holdings history.
Latest significant ownerships (13-D/G)
| Filed | Shares | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TPB Acquisition Corp I | February 13, 2023 | ? | ? |
| ACORDA THERAPEUTICS INC | June 10, 2022 | ? | ? |
| TPB Acquisition Corp I | August 20, 2021 | 1,312,500 | 7.3% |
| Senseonics Holdings, Inc. | February 16, 2021 | 12,257,128 | 4.8% |
| PELOTON INTERACTIVE, INC. | February 11, 2021 | ? | ? |
| XERIS PHARMACEUTICALS INC | February 11, 2021 | ? | ? |
| VICI PROPERTIES INC. | February 13, 2020 | 7,067,442 | 1.5% |
| Allot Ltd. | February 07, 2019 | 3,268,623 | 9.7% |
| OVERSTOCK.COM, INCSold out | February 07, 2019 | 0 | 0.0% |
| SERVICESOURCE INTERNATIONAL, INC.Sold out | February 07, 2019 | 0 | 0.0% |
View Soros Fund Management's complete significant-ownership history.
Latest filings
| Type | Filed |
|---|---|
| 13F-HR | 2024-02-14 |
| SC 13G/A | 2024-02-14 |
| SC 13G/A | 2024-02-14 |
| 13F-HR | 2023-11-14 |
| 13F-HR | 2023-08-11 |
| 13F-HR | 2023-05-12 |
| SC 13G/A | 2023-02-13 |
| SC 13G/A | 2023-02-13 |
| SC 13G/A | 2023-02-13 |
| 13F-HR | 2023-02-13 |
View Soros Fund Management's complete filings history.
All filings
- Holdings (13F-HR)
- Significant ownership (13-D/G)
- Insider transactions (4, 5, 6)
- Events (8-K)
- Shareholder votes (proxy)
View complete filings history.